General Chemistry

Convert between atomic mass, molar mass, and moles. Write balanced chemical equations, perform stoichiometric calculations, identify limiting reagents, and determine percent composition.

Apply the ideal gas law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, and mole-fraction calculations to gas mixtures. Prepare and dilute solutions using molarity, molality, and concentration conversions.

Calculate enthalpy changes using Hess's law, standard enthalpies of formation, and bond enthalpies. Apply calorimetry and specific heat to quantify heat transfer in exothermic and endothermic processes.

Write equilibrium expressions, compute equilibrium constants, and use ICE tables to solve for concentrations. Predict reaction spontaneity using entropy and Gibbs free energy.

Calculate pH for strong and weak acids and bases, apply the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to buffer systems, and analyze titration curves to locate equivalence points.

Determine rate laws, reaction orders, and rate constants from experimental data. Calculate half-lives and apply the Arrhenius equation to relate activation energy to temperature dependence.

Analyze galvanic cells using standard reduction potentials and the Nernst equation. Calculate cell potentials, relate electron transfer to current, and apply Faraday's law to electrolysis.

Calculate boiling-point elevation, freezing-point depression, and osmotic pressure using the van't Hoff factor. Apply Raoult's law to vapor pressure and examine radioactive decay processes.

Identify common functional groups and apply IUPAC naming conventions to organic molecules. Build a foundation for recognizing organic structures in engineering materials and biochemistry.