Physics — Electricity & Magnetism

Apply Coulomb's law to compute electric forces between point charges and determine the electric field they produce. Analyze charge motion in uniform fields and the behavior of conductors in electrostatic equilibrium.

Calculate electric flux through closed surfaces and apply Gauss's law to find electric fields for charge distributions with spherical, cylindrical, and planar symmetry.

Relate electric potential energy and voltage to the electric field. Compute capacitance for parallel-plate geometries, combine capacitors in series and parallel, and calculate stored energy.

Apply Ohm's law and compute resistivity, electrical power, and the effects of temperature on resistance. Analyze circuits with EMF sources, internal resistance, and RC transient behavior.

Calculate the Lorentz force on moving charges and current-carrying conductors. Determine magnetic fields from straight wires, loops, and solenoids, and compute magnetic flux and torque on current loops.

Apply Faraday's law and motional EMF to induction problems. Analyze self-inductance, energy stored in inductors, RL circuit transients, and the displacement current that completes Maxwell's equations.

Describe the properties of electromagnetic waves across the spectrum. Calculate energy transport using the Poynting vector, and analyze radiation pressure and polarization of light.

Apply Snell's law, total internal reflection, and the mirror and lens equations to image formation. Analyze interference and diffraction in double-slit, single-slit, and thin-film setups.