Thermodynamics

Define systems, apply the ideal gas law, read steam tables for two-phase mixtures, and work with psychrometric properties like dew point and relative humidity.

Apply energy balances to closed and open systems, calculate boundary work and enthalpy changes, and analyze adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric, and polytropic processes.

Evaluate entropy changes, identify irreversibilities, apply isentropic efficiency to turbines and compressors, and compute Carnot limits for heat engines and refrigerators.

Analyze ideal Otto, Diesel, and Brayton cycles under air-standard assumptions, and relate thermal efficiency to compression ratio, cutoff ratio, and pressure ratio.

Trace the ideal Rankine cycle through boiler, turbine, condenser, and pump, and calculate thermal efficiency and pump work for steam power plants.

Apply Fourier's law and Newton's law of cooling to conduction and convection problems, model composite walls with thermal resistance networks, and size heat exchangers using the log-mean temperature difference.

Calculate radiative heat transfer using the Stefan-Boltzmann law, distinguish between blackbody and real-surface emission, and apply emissivity to engineering radiation problems.